Mongol Hegemony, 1260-1405 -- The great transformation -- Unity and diversity in Islamic traditions -- Muslim ascendancy, 1405-1750 -- The central Muslim lands -- The Umma in the West -- Central Asia and Iran -- South Asia -- The Indian Ocean Basin -- The world turned upside down, 1750-present -- Reform and renewal, 1750-1875 -- The loss of sovereignty, 1875-1920 -- The interwar years, 1920-1939 -- Regaining sovereignty, 1939-1970 -- New directions, 1970-present